TOPOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY

1. Elements of geodesy. Reference surfaces: geoid, spheroid, ellipsoid. Coordinate systems. Geodetic datum and datum transformations. Local and global reference systems. Geodetic and Topographic fields.

2. Elements of cartography and photogrammetry. General notion of cartography. Modules of deformation and classification of maps. Numerical cartography. The Italian official cartography I.G.M.I. The Regional Technical Mapss. The new national reference system and the National Dynamic Network (RDN). The cadastral mapping. Methods of cartographic production. Aerophotogrammetry: geometric principles of photogrammetry; production steps; flight plan; interior, relative and absolute orientation. Digital photogrammetry. Ortho-photo and digital terrain models (DTM) .The satellite images. The Geographic Information Systems.

3. Theory of errors. The measures dispersion. One-dimensional statistic variable. Discontinuous and continuous random variable. Direct and indirect measures. The normal distribution. The principle of least squares. Estimation of the average, the variance and the average variance. Law of variance propagation. Measures adjustment with empirical and rigorous methods.

4. Surveying instruments and measuring methods. Structure and set up of the theodolite, residual errors. Systematic errors in the measurement of angles. The Bessel Rule. Direct measurement of distances. The laser distance measurer. The reduction of the distance to the horizon and reference surface. The level. Use and adjustment condition of the level. The geometric and trigonometric leveling. The total stations. The laser scanner.

5. Methods of topographic survey. The approach in the topographic survey. The the survey planning according to the purpose and established tolerances. The planimteric survey. The technical triangulation. The Polygonal. The simple intersections with angle measurements and integration with linear measurements. The detailed survey. The altimetric survey. The leveling lines.

6. The satellite positioning. The principles of the satellite positioning. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and the organization of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo. Pseudorange and phase measurement. Errors. Absolute, relative and differential positioning. The permanent networks and the services provided.

1. Barzaghi R., Pinto L., Elementi di topografia e trattamento delle osservazioni. Città Studi edizioni, 2014.

2. Bezoari G., Monti C., Selvini A., Topografia generale con elementi di geodesia. UTET, Torino 2002.