PHYSICS M - Z
Academic Year 2022/2023 - Teacher: Stefano ROMANOExpected Learning Outcomes
The course has the following aims:
1) to provide knowledge on the fundamental physical laws of mechanics and thermodynamics;
2) provide the necessary tools for the applications of physical laws in dynamics problems of material systems.
Course Structure
The course is structured, maily, in lectures and exercises/applications on the blackboard with the involvement of the students. Moreover, slides will be used to deepen some specific topics and multimedia files (video and / or audio) will be used to facilitate the understanding of some topics.
Should the circumstances require online or blended teaching, appropriate modifications to what is hereby stated may be introduced, in order to achieve the main objectives of the course.
Required Prerequisites
The student must have, from the very first lessons, good notions of
algebra, geometry and trigonometry, and fundamental notions of
differential calculus. In fact, the study of vector quantities,
kinematics and dynamics of the material point (first topics of the
course) requires the application of these mathematical tools. It is
strongly recommended to tackle the study of Physics I only after having
faced that of Analysis I.
Attendance of Lessons
Attendance to lessons is of fundamental importance for the student, not only to take advantage of the explanations of the contents addressed, but also to acquire the correct and rigorous approach which must necessarily be followed in the study of a highly scientific discipline, such as the one in question.
The student is required to attend at least 70% of the lessons of the course.
Detailed Course Content
1. INTRODUCTION
Quantities in physics - International system - Dimensions and dimensional calculation - Measurement uncertainties - Approximation - Scientific notation.
2. VECTORS
Representation of physical quantities by means of vectors - Operations with vectors: sum, difference, product of a vector by a scalar, scalar product, vector product - Commutative property - Associative property - Components of a vector - Derivative of a vector - Integration .
3. KINEMATICS
Position and displacement vector - Velocity and accelerations vectors - One dimensional motion with constant velocity - One dimensional motion with constant acceleration - Freely falling objects - Projectile motion - Uniform Circular motion - Centripetal acceleration.
4. KINEMATICS OF RELATIVE MOTIONS
Relative velocity theorem - Procession motion of a vector - Drag velocity - Relative acceleration theorem - Drag acceleration - Coriolis acceleration - Motion of a material point with respect to anothe one - Inertial reference systems - Galilean invariance principle - Galilean Transformation - Law of composition of velocities
5. DYNAMICS OF THE MATERIAL POINT
Principle of inertia - Inertial mass - Force: Newton's 2nd law - Principle of action and reaction - Inertial reference systems - Galilean invariance principle - Galilean transformation - Law of composition of velocities - Laws of force: gravitational force, weight force, force of friction, elastic forces, viscous forces of resistance of the medium - Constraint reactions - Tension of the wires - Motion along an inclined plane - Circular motions: Centripetal forces - Non-inertial reference systems: fictitious forces - Momentum of motion. Impulse - Friction - Motion along an inclined plane with friction - Dynamics of uniform circular motion: central forces - The centripetal force - The conical pendulum - Kepler's laws - The gravitational force - Inertial mass and gravitational mass.
6. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Work - Power- Kinetic Energy and the wrok-kinetic energy theorem - Conservative forces - Potential energy - Calculation of potential energy - Potential energy and force: energy and stability diagrams of equilibrium - Central forces - Conservation of mechanical energy - Non-conservative forces.
7. OSCILLATIONS
Simple harmonic oscillator: equation of motion and solution - Mass-spring system - Simple pendulum - Kinetic and potential energy in simple harmonic motions - Damped harmonic oscillator - Forced harmonic oscillator.
8. DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS OF MATERIAL POINTS
System of particles - Center-of-mass and its coordinates - Linear momentum and its conservation - Impulse and momentum - Conservation of momentum - Collisions between material points: elastic, inelastic and completely inelastic.
9. DYNAMICS OF THE RIGID BODY AND NOTES OF STATIC
Rigid body - Motion of a rigid body - Equation of motion of a rotating body - Rigid rotations around a fixed axis in an inertial reference system - Moment of inertia with respect to a fixed axis - Huygens-Steiner theorem - Work and kinetic energy in rotary motion - Mechanical moment - Angular momentum - Moment theorem angular - Conservation of angular momentum. Center of mass System - Konig's theorems - Compound pendulum - Angular momentum - Roto-translational motion - Pure rolling motion - Conservation laws in the motion of a rigid body - Balance and elasticity - Statics.
10. FLUIDS MECHANICS
States of matter - Definition of fluid - Gases and liquids - Real fluids and fluids - Density - Pressure - fluids statics - Pascal's principle - Stevino's law - Archimedes' thrust - Torricelli's experience - Fluid dynamics - Flow rate - Continuity equation - Bernoulli's theorem - viscosity - Stokes' law.
11. THERMOMETRY AND CALORIMETRY
Thermal equilibrium - Concept of temperature - Measurement of temperature - Kelvin temperature - Calorimetric definition of heat - Thermal capacity - Specific heat and latent heat - Calories - Heat sources - Mechanical equivalent of heat - Thermal Expansion
12. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
Thermodynamic systems and states - Macroscopic point of view - Thermodynamic coordinates - Thermodynamic equilibrium - Simple thermodynamic systems - PVT systems - Equation of state - Equation of state of ideal gases - Kinetic interpretation of temperature - Internal energy of an ideal gas - Thermodynamic transformations - Quasistatic transformation - Reversible and irreversible transformations - Reversible quasistatic transformation.
13. HEAT, WORK AND FIRST PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS
Work in a transformation of a PVT system - Adiabatic work - Internal energy - Thermodynamic definition of heat - First law of thermodynamics - Differential form of the first law of thermodynamics - Internal energy of an ideal gas: Joule's experiment - Specific heats of ideal gases: Mayer's formula.
14. SECOND PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS
Conversion of work into heat and vice versa - Thermal machines - Otto cycle - Diesel cycle - Kelvin-Planks statement of the second law of thermodynamics - Refrigerating machines - Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics - Equivalence of the two statements - Carnot cycle - Carnot's theorem - Carnot's machine - Absolute thermodynamic temperature.
15. ENTROPY
Clausius theorem - Entropy - Entropy and reversibility - Entropy and irreversibility - The principle of increasing entropy - Entropy variation calculations - Entropy of an ideal gas - Entropy and unusable energy.
Textbook Information
1. P. MAZZOLDI, M. NIGRO, C. VOCI – "FISICA Volume 1" (EdiSES);
2. D. HALLIDAY, R. RESNICK, J. WALKER " Fisica 1" Casa Ed. Ambrosiana;
3. D. ROLLER, R. BLUM "Fisica (Vol. I)" Casa Ed. Zanichelli;
4. SERWAY, JEWETT "Principi di Fisica" (2015) Edises;
5. D. SETTE, A. ALIPPI, A. BETTUCCI "Lezioni di Fisica 1, Meccanica - Termodinamica", Zanichelli
6. D. HALLIDAY, R. RESNICK, J. WALKER "Fundamental of Physics" Casa Ed. Ambrosiana.
Students are free to use any other text that may be more convenient for them.
The teaching material is mainly represented by the notes taken during the lessons and exercises, enriched by the discussions triggered by the teacher in the classroom. Furthermore, the reference texts represent a fundamental tool for the student also in order to acquire the necessary autonomy in the study of the discipline. Any slides of the helded lectures will be published on Studium.
Course Planning
| Subjects | Text References | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Introduction 3 hours | |
| 2 | Vectors: 4 hours | |
| 3 | Kinematics: 8 hours | |
| 4 | Kinematics of relative motions: 4 hours | |
| 5 | Dynamics of the material point: 10 hours | |
| 6 | Energy conservation: 6 hours | |
| 7 | Oscillations: 6 hours | |
| 8 | Dynamics of material points systems: 8 hours | |
| 9 | Dynamics of the rigid body and elements of statics: 8 hours | |
| 10 | Fluid mechanics: 6 hours | |
| 11 | Thermometry and calorimetry: 6 hours | |
| 12 | Thermodynamic systems: 4 hours | |
| 13 | Heat, work and first law of thermodynamics: 8 hours | |
| 14 | Second law of thermodynamics and entropy: 8 hours |
Learning Assessment
Learning Assessment Procedures
The exam is based on the evaluation of two tests, one written and one oral. The written test aims at verifying the theoretical and practical skills and the ability to elaborate simple problems with the application of fundamental laws. It is usually based on three problems to be solved giving reasons for the procedure adopted. The evaluation of the single question is based on the following criteria: correct interpretation of the text, correct resolution procedure, ability to summarize the motivation of the procedure adopted, ability to process the data provided in compliance with fundamental laws, correct use of units of measurement. The written test considers us passed if the overall evaluation is greater than or equal to 18/30. In the event of an overall assessment of less than 18/30, participation in the oral exam is not recommended. The oral exam takes place with an interview on the topics covered during the course and aims at verifying the knowledge of the contents covered and the ability to elaborate the laws of physics. The evaluation of the oral exam is based on the following criteria: level of knowledge of the required topics, expressive ability and properties of language, ability to apply simple knowledge of case studies, ability to connect the different themes of the teaching program.
The evaluation of the overall examination is based on the evaluation of the two tests carried out. Booking for the exam session is mandatory and must be made exclusively via the Internet, through the student portal, within the set period.
Learning assessment may also be carried out on line, should the conditions require it.
Information for students with disabilities and / or SLD
To guarantee equal opportunities and in compliance with the laws in force, interested students can ask for a personal interview in order to plan any compensatory and / or dispensatory measures, based on the didactic objectives and specific needs.
It is also possible to contact the referent teacher CInAP (Center for Active and Participated Integration - Services for Disabilities and / or SLD) of the Department.
Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises
- principles of conservation of mechanical energy, momentum and angular momentum;
- principles of thermodynamics with the necessary applications;
- State and apply the second law of thermodynamics;
- Obtain the Bernoulli equation for an ideal fluid;
- Describe the motion of the simple pendulum, of the mass-spring system and of a rigid body.