TRANSPORT PHENOMENA FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Academic Year 2025/2026 - Teacher: GIUSEPPE RECCA

Expected Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student must be familiar with the fundamental concepts of transport phenomena, including the transport of momentum, heat, and mass. They should master the basic theories, such as the conservation laws (mass, energy, momentum), the formulation of constitutive equations, and the understanding of mathematical models that describe transport processes. It is essential for them to be able to recognise and analyse the main physical phenomena involved in chemical systems, both at macroscopic and microscopic levels. Furthermore, they should be able to use analytical and numerical methods to solve problems related to diffusion, conduction, convection, and the exchange of matter and heat, making use of the tools presented in the textbook "Introductory Transport Phenomena" by R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, and collaborators. The student must also acquire familiarity with the practical applications of transport phenomena in chemical engineering, identifying the most suitable solutions for different industrial contexts. It is crucial that they develop the ability to recognise, observe, and understand the events studied in the subject even in the real world, developing a critical and reflective approach that enables them to manage concrete situations and interpret phenomena in various settings. In particular, the student should be able to imagine and mentally represent how transport phenomena occur, connecting theory and practice, and using simulations, concrete examples, and analogies to foster a deep understanding of the processes. Students are expected to possess a solid understanding of the fundamental laws and governing equations of transport phenomena, including the physical principles underlying diffusive, convective, and conductive processes. They must also be able to apply these equations rigorously to the scenarios discussed in the course, integrating theoretical models with proper interpretation of real data. It is additionally necessary for students to be able to identify boundary conditions and the key parameters required to set up numerical simulations aimed at solving and understanding real-world cases.

Course Structure

The course is delivered through lectures and practical exercises, supported by multimedia demonstrations designed to connect theoretical models with real transport phenomena. Lectures introduce the fundamental principles of transport processes, discussing assumptions, limitations, and validity domains of the classical models.

Practical sessions include guided problem-solving, analysis of case studies, and the formulation of mathematical models relevant to real-world applications. Throughout the course, multimedia experimental demonstrations are shown to help students visualize the studied phenomena and interpret their physical behavior.

Part of the teaching activities involves the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools to simulate transport processes, with particular emphasis on boundary conditions and physical parameters. The course also includes the presentation of 3D solid models and real devices that exemplify practical applications of the concepts studied, enhancing understanding through concrete engineering examples.

If the course is delivered in blended or remote mode, appropriate adjustments may be made to ensure consistency with the syllabus.

Required Prerequisites

To successfully follow the course, students must have a solid background in applied mathematics and physics. In particular, they should be familiar with:

  • fundamental concepts of calculus, including derivatives, integrals, and multivariable functions;

  • the basics of ordinary and partial differential equations, essential for understanding balance equations;

  • introductory notions of continuum mechanics and classical physics, especially forces, fluxes, gradients, and conservation principles;

  • the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and energy-related phenomena (heat, temperature, equilibrium);

  • the ability to read and interpret experimental data and physical quantities.

It is also useful, though not strictly required, to have some familiarity with numerical computation tools and with the formulation of problems involving boundary conditions, as these skills support the setup of simulations and the analysis of real-world cases.

Attendance of Lessons

Attendance is mandatory, in accordance with Article 24 of the University of Catania's Teaching Regulations.

Detailed Course Content

The course provides a rigorous yet application-oriented introduction to the fundamental principles of transport phenomena, examining diffusion, conduction, and convection through constitutive laws and balance equations. Starting from classical theoretical models, their assumptions, limitations, and domains of validity are critically discussed, with the aim of enabling students to correctly interpret real transport processes.

The governing differential equations for mass, momentum, and energy transport are introduced and applied, with particular emphasis on local balance formulations, boundary conditions, and the physical parameters that influence system behavior. Throughout the course, theory and application are tightly integrated, showing how mathematical models serve as the foundation for observing, understanding, and predicting real-world transport phenomena.

A significant portion of the course is devoted to case studies and numerical simulations, illustrating how theoretical models are implemented in computational environments and how simulation results must be critically interpreted in relation to experimental data and operating conditions.

  • Introduction to transport phenomena

    • Role of transport processes in engineering

    • Unified structure of mass, momentum, and energy balances

    • Assumptions, limitations, and validity of classical models

  • Differential balances and constitutive laws

    • Local balance equations

    • Fick’s, Fourier’s, and Newton’s laws

    • Critical discussion of model assumptions

  • Molecular diffusion

    • Diffusion equation and solutions in simple geometries

    • Steady and unsteady diffusion

    • Physical interpretation of concentration profiles

    • Comparison between theory and real data

  • Momentum transport

    • Simplified Navier–Stokes equations

    • Laminar flows in canonical geometries

    • Viscosity, shear stress, and velocity profiles

    • Limits of Newtonian behavior

  • Energy transport

    • Heat equation and conduction in 1D/2D systems

    • Forced and natural convection

    • Thermal gradients and heat fluxes

  • Analogies among mass, momentum, and energy transport

    • Common mathematical structure

    • Engineering applications

    • Breakdown of analogies

  • Boundary conditions and physical parameters

    • Proper identification of boundary conditions

    • Key parameters for modeling

    • Sensitivity of models to parameter variations

  • Modeling and numerical simulation

    • Setting up transport problems in computational environments

    • Boundary conditions and discretization

    • Critical interpretation of numerical results

    • Comparison with real phenomena

  • Applied case studies

    • Diffusion in solids and liquids

    • Transport in channels and pipes

    • Heat transfer and coupled phenomena

    • Qualitative and quantitative analysis


  • Textbook Information

    Introductory Transport Phenomena (R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart etc.) 

    Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (Don W. Green, Robert H. Perry)

    Transport Phenomena Fundamentals (Joel L. Plawsky)

    SolidWorks Flow Simulation 2024 Black Book (Gaurav Verma , Matt Weber)

    Course Planning

     SubjectsText References
    1Introduction to transport phenomenaslide  book and video
    2Differential balances and constitutive lawsslide  book and video
    3Molecular diffusionslide  book and video
    4Momentum transportslide  book and video
    5Energy transportslide  book and video
    6Analogies among mass, momentum, and energy transportslide  book and video
    7Boundary conditions and physical parametersslide  book and video
    8Modeling and numerical simulation (CFD)slide  book and video
    9Applied case studiesslide  book and video

    Learning Assessment

    Learning Assessment Procedures

    The assessment consists of three in-term tests with multiple-choice questions, each focusing on the knowledge related to one of the three fundamental laws covered in the course. These tests are designed to evaluate the student’s understanding of theoretical models, their critical interpretation, and their ability to relate them to real transport phenomena.

    At the end of the course, students will take an oral examination, aimed at assessing their overall understanding of transport phenomena and their ability to apply theoretical models to real-world situations.

    The final evaluation will be based on the following criteria:

    • relevance and accuracy of the answers;

    • quality and depth of the concepts presented;

    • ability to connect theoretical topics to real phenomena, including everyday-life examples;

    • ability to provide clear and pertinent examples;

    • use of appropriate technical language and clarity of exposition;

    • ability to simplify and explain phenomena while maintaining scientific rigor and consistency with the studied events.

    Learning assessment may also be carried out online, should the conditions require it. To ensure equal opportunities, students may request a personal interview to plan any compensatory or dispensatory measures, in agreement with the CInAP representative of the Department.

    Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises

  • Which transport phenomena occur during the preparation of coffee using a moka pot? Describe the mass, energy, and momentum transport mechanisms involved in each phase.

  • Which transport phenomena did you observe today in your daily activities? Identify at least three real examples and relate them to the theoretical models studied.

  • Identify the transport phenomena present in the following industrial process (shown during class or via multimedia). Specify which balance equations could be used to model the system.

  • Under which conditions do the constitutive laws (Fick, Fourier, Newton) lose validity? Provide concrete examples.

  • In a simple domestic heat transfer situation (e.g., boiling water), which transport phenomena can you identify? Indicate the relevant gradients and boundary conditions.

  • In a pipe flow of a real fluid, which physical parameters most strongly influence the velocity profile? Explain the role of viscosity and boundary conditions.

  • In a CFD simulation, which choices regarding boundary conditions can significantly affect the results? Support your answer with an example.